Alterations in phenotypic biochemical markers in bladder epithelium during tumorigenesis.

Sequential phenotypic and biochemical alterations during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

Chronic exposure to chemical carcinogens induces in the target tissue a series of complex morphological and biochemical alterations that precede the appearance of overt cancer. Three types of experiments are described: (a) exposure of livers that had received subcarcinogenic doses of N-2-fluorenylacetamide to a subcarcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine resulted in a 100% yield of neoplastic ...

Molecular alterations during insulinoma tumorigenesis.

Insulinomas are the most common functioning endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs). They present with clinical symptoms as a consequence of hypoglycemia induced by inappropriate insulin secretion. The etiology of these tumors is poorly understood. Some tumors may harbor MEN1 gene mutations, the susceptibility gene of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome, but most cases show wildtype MEN...

Genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal bladder epithelium in patients with metachronous bladder cancer.

Mechanisms for multifocal bladder carcinogenesis remain unclear. To see whether normal mucosa had already acquired genetic or epigenetic changes, we examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 10 microsatellite loci and methylation of the p16(INK4) CpG island in multiple tumors and pathologically normal mucosa in six patients with bladder cancer. Either LOH or methylation was detected in 77% of sa...

investigation of (meta)discourse markers in elt coursebooks

the present study aimed to investigate representation of discourse markers and metadiscourse markers in conversations and readings of general elt coursebook series used in the language centers of iran. to this aim, four elt coursebooks popularly taught in language centers of this country were analyzed based on fung and carter’s (2007) framework regarding discourse markers and hyland’s (2005) fr...

Bladder tumorigenesis.